Category Archives: Language

Forming Comparative Adjectives

As well as serving as modifying words like beautiful and big, adjectives are also used for indicating the position on a scale of comparison. The lowest point on the scale is known as the absolute form, the middle point is known as the comparative form, and the highest point is known as the superlative form. Here are some examples:

The Comparative Form

When two objects or persons are being compared, the comparative form of the adjective is used. The comparative adjective can be formed in two ways:

1. Adding –er to the absolute form of the adjective.
2. Adding the word more before the adjective.

For example:

1. My essay is longer than yours.
2. She is more beautiful than her sister.

Here are the rules for choosing and forming the right form:

When comparing two things, the word than is positioned between the adjective and the thing being compared. For example:

1. Apples are tastier than oranges.
2. This painting is more interesting than that painting.

Superlatives

The superlative is used to say what thing or person has the most of a particular quality within a group or of its kind. The superlative can be formed in two ways:

1. Adding –est to the absolute form of the adjective.
2. Adding the word most before the adjective.

For example:

1. This is the most beautiful dress I have ever seen.
2. The biggest table in the room.

Here are the rules for choosing and forming the right form:

(table 3 here)

Superlatives are usually preceded by the word the.

Positive Form

The positive form is used in cases where there are no differences between the two compared things or persons. To form the positive, we use the word as before and after the absolute form of the adjective. For example:

• Danny is as smart as Phillip.
• She is as beautiful as her older sister.

This can also be applied in a negative context to indicate that the compared objects are not similar:

1. Danny is not as smart as Phillip.
2. She is not as beautiful as her older sister.

Exceptions (Irregular Forms)

Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:

(table 4 here)

Examples of Comparing Adjectives

1. This house is bigger than that one.
2. This flower is more beautiful than that.
3. He is taller than Mr. Hulas.
4. He is more intelligent than this boy.
5. Jonathan is the most handsome man on campus.
6. This is the prettiest dress in the window.
7. I lost my most comfortable shoes.
8. My job is worse than yours.

What are Denominal Adjectives?

Denominal adjectives (sometimes called denominal adjectives) are adjectives derived from nouns. For example:

1. A mathematical puzzle. (a puzzle based on mathematics)
2. A biological experiment. (an experiment in biology)
3. A wooden boat. (a boat made of wood)

Proper adjectives are derived from proper nouns. They commonly describe something in terms of nationality, religious affiliation, or culture. Like proper nouns, proper adjectives have their first letter capitalized. For example:

1. I married a Russian woman.
2. The Jewish community in NY is very large.

Adjectives of this type should be carefully distinguished from adjectives denoting nationalities (nominal adjectives). For example:

1. Denominal Adjective: The French people are noted for their wines.
2. Nominal Adjective: The French are noted for their wines.

or:

1. Denominal Adjective: The poor people are more vulnerable.
2. Nominal Adjective: The poor are getting poorer.

Examples of Denominal Adjectives

1. A mathematical puzzle.
2. A biological experiment.
3. A wooden boat.
4. I married an American woman.
5. The Jewish community in NY is very big.
6. Mary has a collection of expensive Russian dolls.
7. In the winter you must wear heavy woolen clothes.
8. The polar bear is listed as threatened.

Typical Adjective Endings

Some adjectives can be identified by their endings. Typical adjective endings include:

1. –able / –ible : understandable, capable, readable, incredible
2. –al : mathematical, functional, influential, chemical
3. –ful : beautiful, bashful, helpful, harmful
4. –ic : artistic, manic, rustic, terrific
5. –ive : submissive, intuitive, inventive, attractive
6. –less : sleeveless, hopeless, groundless, restless
7. –ous : gorgeous, dangerous, adventurous, fabulous

Sometimes when adding these endings changes have to be made. Here are some rules for forming adjectives and their exceptions:

Forming Adjectives from Nouns and Verbs

Adjectives can be formed from different words. They can be formed from nouns:

From verbs:

Or even from other adjectives:

Examples of Forming Adjectives

1. Our house color is a kind of yellow. → We live in a yellowish house.
2. He often acts like a child. → He often acts in a childish way.
3. The event was a big success. → We enjoyed a successful event.
4. We enjoyed the sound of the drum’s rhythm. → We enjoyed the drum’s rhythmic sound.
5. She adopted a dog without a home. → She adopted a homeless dog.
6. Look out, that plant is poison. → Look out for that poisonous plant.
7. It looks like it will rain today. → It looks like we’ll have rainy weather today.
8. She always acts with courtesy. → She always behaves in a courteous manner.
9. Her hair is pretty. → She has the prettiest hair.
10. We go for a walk each day. → We go for a daily walk.

What is an Adjective?

Adjectives are words that describe or modify other words, making your writing and speaking much more specific, and a whole lot more interesting. Words like small, blue, and sharp are descriptive, and they are all examples of adjectives. Because adjectives are used to identify or quantify individual people and unique things, they are usually positioned before the noun or pronoun that they modify. Some sentences contain multiple adjectives.

Adjective Examples

In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives:

1. They live in a big, beautiful house.
2. Since it’s a hot day, Lisa is wearing a sleeveless shirt.
3. The mountaintops are covered in sparkling snow.
4. On her birthday, Brenda received an antique vase filled with fragrant flowers.

Types of Adjectives

Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words, and you’ll find it much easier to identify different types of adjectives when you see them.

Articles

There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a, an, and the. Because they are used to discuss non-specific things and people, a and an are called indefinite articles. For example:

• I’d like a banana.
• Let’s go on an adventure!

Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain adventure. Without more clarification, any banana or adventure will do.

The word the is called the definite article. It’s the only definite article, and it is used to indicate very specific people or things:

• Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.
• Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds perfect!

Possessive Adjectives

As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate possession. They are:

• My
• Your
• His
• Her
• Its
• Our
• Their

Possessive adjectives also function as possessive pronouns.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or things. These, those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.

• These books belong on that category.
• This movie is my favorite.
• Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word and, and appear one after another to modify the same noun. The adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark night are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the last one; for example: The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.

Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are not coordinate. In the phrase green delivery truck, the words green and delivery are not separated by a comma because green modifies the phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion when determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is coordinate, just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the adjectives are coordinate and need to be separated with a comma.

Numbers Adjectives

When they’re used in sentences, numbers are almost always adjectives. You can tell that a number is an adjective when it answers the question “How many?”

• The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six people.
• He ate 23 hotdogs during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

Interrogative Adjectives

There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what, and whose. Like all other types of adjectives, interrogative adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of these words are used to ask questions.

• Which option sounds best to you?
• What time should we go?
• Whose socks are those?

Indefinite Adjectives

Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to discuss non-specific things. You might recognize them, since they’re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.

• Do we have any peanut butter?
• Grandfather has been retired for many years.
• There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
• I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
• We looked at several cars before deciding on the best one for our family.

Attributive Adjectives

Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features – in other words, they are used to discuss attributes. There are different kinds of attributive adjectives:

• Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting, beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about subjective measures.
• Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective qualities including specific physical properties. Some examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy, slow and fast.
• Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as general ages. Examples are old, young, new, five-year-old, etc.
• Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they’re adjectives that indicate color. Examples include pink, yellow, blue, and green.
• Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether it’s a person, place, animal or thing. Examples include American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
• Material adjectives denote what something is made of. Some examples include cotton, gold, wool, and rubber.
• Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun. They make nouns more specific; examples include log cabin, luxury car, and pillow cover.

Adjective Examples

1. We visited the museum, where we saw ancient artifacts.
2. I received two awards at the ceremony today.
3. Please get me a bag of ripe red apples.
4. The president sat in a leather chair.
5. Foggy weather is the norm in San Francisco.